Peptide library
134 peptides, each with a dosing reference, mechanism, evidence grade, side effects, storage and cited studies. Grouped by primary category.
Anti-Aging
Epithalon
Synthetic tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly (PubChem CID 219042); human cell cultures show telomerase induction, and in mice it raised maximum but not mean lifespan.
FOXO4-DRI
Cell-penetrating D-retro-inverso peptide that blocks the FOXO4-p53 interaction, shown in aged mice to selectively kill senescent cells and restore renal function and fitness.
Glutathione
Endogenous tripeptide (Glu-Cys-Gly) and the main intracellular antioxidant, central to phase II detoxification and cellular redox defence.
N-Acetyl Epithalon Amidate
Acetylated, amidated analog of the pineal tetrapeptide Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly), modified for stability; the parent peptide is studied for telomerase activation and anti-aging effects.
NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, the central redox coenzyme; a 2026 randomized trial of intravenous NAD+ at 10 mg/day for 7 days raised ejection fraction in 180 ischemic cardiomyopathy patients.
NMN
Nicotinamide mononucleotide, a direct oral precursor to NAD+; human trials report raised NAD+ metabolites and improved muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women.
Proxofim
Proprietary FOXO4-DRI-type senolytic peptide sold for research; the parent peptide disrupts FOXO4-p53 binding to kill senescent cells in mice, but this analog itself is unstudied.
SS-31 (Elamipretide)
Mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that binds cardiolipin. FDA granted accelerated approval on 2025-09-19 as FORZINITY, 40 mg subcutaneously once daily, to improve muscle strength in Barth syndrome.
Bioregulator
Bronchogen
Khavinson-series synthetic tetrapeptide (AEDL) for bronchial tissue; reported to restore bronchial epithelium in a rat NO2 model of COPD and to drive bronchial cell differentiation in vitro.
Cardiogen
Khavinson-series synthetic tetrapeptide (AEDR) for heart tissue; studied in rat myocardial explants and mouse fibroblasts, where it raised proliferation and cytoskeletal proteins.
Cartalax
Khavinson-series synthetic tripeptide (AED) for cartilage; in vitro it raised chondrogenic markers in aging human stem cells and reduced senescence markers in chondrocytes.
Chonluten
Khavinson-series synthetic tripeptide (EDG) assigned to bronchial tissue; in vitro it suppressed LPS-induced TNF release by human monocytes. No controlled human trial.
Cortagen
Khavinson-series synthetic tetrapeptide (AEDP) designed from the brain extract Cortexin; studied in rats for sciatic nerve regeneration and in rodent brain for antioxidant effects.
Livagen
Khavinson-series synthetic tetrapeptide (KEDA) designed from liver peptide preparations; studied mainly in cultured lymphocytes from elderly donors and in rat hepatocytes.
Ovagen
Khavinson-series synthetic tripeptide (EDL); despite the name, its published work is on kidney: it protected rat kidneys in toxic and ischemic injury models.
Pancragen
Khavinson-series synthetic tetrapeptide (KEDW-NH2) for pancreas; improved glucose tolerance in old rhesus monkeys and diabetic rats, plus one small human study against untreated controls.
Pinealon
Khavinson-series synthetic tripeptide (EDR) from the brain drug Cortexin; protected neurons from oxidative stress in vitro and in rats, and preserved dendritic spines in Alzheimer model mice.
Prostamax
Khavinson-series synthetic tetrapeptide (KEDP) assigned to prostate; published work is limited to chromatin effects in lymphocytes from elderly donors and one rat explant study.
Testagen
Khavinson-series synthetic tetrapeptide KEDG (Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly), described as pituitary-derived; studied for thyroid and thymus effects in hypophysectomized chickens. No testis study exists.
Thymagen
Synthetic dipeptide EW (Glu-Trp), registered in Russia as Timogen; tested in the US as IM862 (oglufanide), where a phase III trial in AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma found no benefit over placebo.
Thymalin
Peptide extract of calf thymus, registered in Russia as a 10 mg injectable lyophilizate; its developers tested it as add-on therapy for COVID-19 in an open-label randomized trial (n=92).
Vesilute
Synthetic dipeptide ED (Glu-Asp), listed by its developers as Vesilut; it appears only in transporter docking studies, and no published study supports its bladder label.
Vesugen
Khavinson-series synthetic tripeptide KED (Lys-Glu-Asp), sold as a vascular bioregulator; studied in endothelial cell cultures and a mouse Alzheimer model, with uncontrolled Russian human reports.
Vilon
Khavinson-series synthetic dipeptide KE (Lys-Glu); in rodents it slowed induced bladder tumours but did not extend mouse lifespan, and it reactivated chromatin in lymphocytes from older donors.
Cognitive
9-Me-BC
9-Methyl-beta-carboline, a small-molecule alkaloid shown in rodent studies to promote dopamine neuron survival and improve learning and memory.
Adamax
Adamantane-modified analog of the ACTH(4-7) peptide Semax, intended for greater lipophilicity and brain uptake; almost no published research exists.
Cerebrolysin
Porcine brain-derived mixture of low-molecular-weight neuropeptides and free amino acids with neurotrophic activity; trialled in humans for stroke and dementia.
Dihexa
Angiotensin IV-derived peptide analog; rodent studies report memory rescue in some models, but the founding papers for its HGF/c-Met mechanism were retracted in 2025.
FGL-S
Peptide mimetic of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) defined in patent filings; one published study tested it in rats and monkeys, and the memory literature belongs to its parent FGL.
Methylene Blue
Phenothiazine redox dye (not a peptide) that can act as an alternative electron carrier in mitochondria; low oral doses studied in humans for memory and cerebral metabolism.
N-Acetyl Selank Amidate
Acetylated, amidated analog of Selank, a tuftsin-derived heptapeptide; Russian research on the parent peptide reports anxiolytic and mild nootropic effects without sedation.
N-Acetyl Semax Amidate
Acetylated, amidated analog of Semax, a synthetic ACTH(4-10) fragment; research on the parent peptide reports BDNF/NGF upregulation and neuroprotection in stroke models.
Noopept
Omberacetam, a synthetic dipeptide prodrug of cycloprolylglycine; Russian human and animal studies report memory benefits linked to BDNF and NGF upregulation.
P21 (P021)
P021, a CNTF-derived peptide (Ac-DGGL plus an adamantylated glycine, amide) that improved memory and neurogenesis in mouse and rat models of Alzheimer's disease and aging, given in the diet.
PE-22-28
Truncated analog of the natriuretic-peptide-derived peptide spadin that blocks the TREK-1 potassium channel; studied in rodents for rapid antidepressant and neurogenic effects.
PHDP5
Dodecapeptide from the dynamin 1 pleckstrin homology domain that blocks microtubule-dynamin binding; intranasal dosing rescued memory in Alzheimer-model mice. No human data.
Selank
Tuftsin-derived synthetic heptapeptide developed in Russia; small human trials report anxiolytic and mild nootropic effects without sedation or dependence.
Semax
Synthetic ACTH(4-10) fragment (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) developed in Russia; studied intranasally for attention, memory, and BDNF-linked neuroprotection.
Cosmetic
Acetyl Hexapeptide-3 (Argireline)
Synthetic acetylated hexapeptide (Ac-EEMQRR-NH2) modelled on the SNAP-25 N-terminus; a 2013 placebo-controlled trial (n=60) found less periorbital wrinkling after 4 weeks of topical use.
AHK-Cu (Copper Peptide)
Copper(II) complex of the tripeptide Ala-His-Lys; one ex vivo study found it lengthened human hair follicles in organ culture and raised dermal papilla cell proliferation.
Decapeptide-12
Synthetic decapeptide (YRSRKYSSWY, Lumixyl) that competitively inhibits tyrosinase in vitro; a 5-person split-face placebo-controlled pilot and open-label studies report lighter melasma.
Matrixyl (Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4)
Palmitoylated KTTKS, a fragment of the type I procollagen propeptide, applied topically; a 12-week split-face placebo-controlled trial (n=93) at 3 ppm found fewer fine lines and wrinkles.
Melanostatin DM
Synthetic hexapeptide (His-D-Arg-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2), an MSH and GHRP hybrid that blocked alpha-MSH skin darkening in frogs and lizards; it was inactive in mouse melanoma cells.
Nonapeptide-1
Synthetic alpha-MSH(5-13) analog (Melanostatine 5) found in a 1994 library screen as a potent alpha-MSH receptor antagonist (IC50 11 nM); human data are limited to one combination-cream pilot.
OS-01
Topical decapeptide (ETAKHWLKGI-NH2, Peptide 14) from OneSkin that lowered senescence markers in human skin models; two small developer-run RCTs reported better skin barrier function.
Pal-GHK (Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1)
Palmitoyl tripeptide-1 (Pal-GHK), a lipidated GHK sold mainly in the Matrixyl 3000 blend; found in human stratum corneum after topical use, with no published single-ingredient efficacy trial.
Palmitoyl Dipeptide-6
Lipidated cosmetic peptide sold under a name whose exact structure could not be confirmed; no peer-reviewed study of any kind was found.
Pentapeptide-18 (Leuphasyl)
Leucine-enkephalin analog pentapeptide (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu) sold as Leuphasyl for expression lines; evidence is manufacturer data, one small emulsion study and in vitro work.
Rigin (Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7)
Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7 (Pal-GQPR), a lipidated IgG fragment sold in the Matrixyl 3000 blend; IL-6 claims come from supplier data, and published human work tests only the blend.
SNAP-8
Acetylated octapeptide (Ac-EEMQRRAD-NH2, acetyl octapeptide-3) that extends the Argireline sequence by two residues; human data come only from multi-ingredient products such as microneedle patches.
Syn-AKE
Small peptidomimetic (beta-Ala-Pro-Dab benzylamide, sold as the diacetate) modeled on viper waglerin-1; one manufacturer-run RCT (n=57) found less forehead frown-line area at 4 weeks.
Syn-Coll (Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5)
Palmitoylated tripeptide (Pal-Lys-Val-Lys) sold as Syn-Coll and marketed as a thrombospondin-1 mimic; evidence is supplier data and multi-ingredient products, with no single-ingredient trial.
Tripeptide-29 (Collagen Hexapeptide)
Collagen-derived tripeptide Gly-Pro-Hyp; it preserved collagen I gene expression in stressed fibroblasts in vitro and oral dosing reduced UV skin damage in mice. No topical study exists.
Vialox (Pentapeptide-3V)
Synthetic pentapeptide amide (Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Ala-NH2, pentapeptide-3) marketed as a nicotinic receptor antagonist for expression lines; published data are in silico and cell culture only.
Fat Loss
5-Amino-1MQ
Small-molecule NNMT inhibitor (5-amino-1-methylquinolinium), not a peptide; in diet-induced obese mice it lowered body weight and fat mass and raised adipocyte NAD+ without changing food intake.
Adipotide (FTPP)
Proapoptotic peptidomimetic that binds prohibitin on white-fat blood vessels; 4 weeks of daily dosing cut body weight 7 to 15% in obese rhesus monkeys, with reversible kidney tubule effects.
AOD9604
Modified hGH fragment (Tyr plus hGH 177-191) that reduced weight gain and raised fat oxidation in obese rodents; six human trials found no IGF-1 or glucose effects, with efficacy results unpublished.
Cagrilintide
Long-acting lipidated amylin analog that activates amylin and calcitonin receptors; once-weekly 0.3 to 4.5 mg cut body weight 6.0 to 10.8% at 26 weeks in a phase 2 trial (n=706).
GH Fragment 176-191
Synthetic C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone (residues 176-191). Related fragments cut fat gain in obese rodents; the one study of 176-191 itself found a brief rise in blood glucose in rats.
GW501516
Small-molecule PPAR-delta agonist (Cardarine), not a peptide. Raised HDL and lowered LDL and triglycerides in 2 to 12 week human trials; development stopped after rodent studies found tumours at all doses.
Liraglutide
Once-daily acylated GLP-1 analog; FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes (2010) and obesity (2014), with generics since 2024. In SCALE, 3 mg lost 8.4 kg over 56 weeks versus 2.8 kg on placebo.
Mazdutide
Oxyntomodulin-based GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist peptide; approved in China by the NMPA in 2025 for weight management and type 2 diabetes; 14.0% weight loss at 6 mg over 48 weeks in phase 3.
Orforglipron
Small-molecule, non-peptide oral GLP-1 receptor agonist; approved by the FDA in April 2026 as Foundayo for weight management after 72-week phase 3 trials (11.2% loss at the top dose).
Retatrutide
Investigational once-weekly agonist of GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors; in the 80-week TRIUMPH-1 phase 3 trial (n=2339), 12 mg gave 25.0% weight loss versus 3.9% with placebo.
Semaglutide
Acylated GLP-1 receptor agonist; FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes (2017) and obesity (2021). In STEP 1, 2.4 mg weekly gave 14.9% weight loss at 68 weeks versus 2.4% with placebo.
Survodutide
Glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist peptide (BI 456906); in phase 3 SYNCHRONIZE-1, 3.6 and 6.0 mg weekly cut body weight 12.2 to 13.0% vs 5.4% with placebo at 76 weeks.
Tesofensine
Small-molecule triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, not a peptide. In a 24-week phase 2 trial (n=203), 0.5 mg daily gave 9.2% weight loss versus 2.0% with placebo plus diet.
Tirzepatide
Dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist; FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes (2022) and obesity (2023). In SURMOUNT-1, 15 mg weekly gave 20.9% weight loss at 72 weeks versus 3.1% with placebo.
Fertility
HMG
Urine-derived menotropins with FSH and LH activity; Menopur (2004) is the only marketed US product, labeled for follicle development in IVF. Pergonal, Humegon and Repronex are discontinued.
Kisspeptin-10
Ten-residue C-terminal kisspeptin fragment that activates KISS1R (GPR54); IV doses raised LH and LH pulse frequency in small human studies. Not approved anywhere; on FDA's 503A safety list.
Growth Hormone
CJC-1295
GHRH(1-29) analog carrying a Drug Affinity Complex that binds serum albumin, extending half-life to about a week and sustaining growth hormone and IGF-1 output.
CJC-1295 + GHRP-2 Blend
Vial blend of CJC-1295 without DAC (Mod GRF 1-29) and GHRP-2 (pralmorelin), 5 mg each; GHRP-2 raised GH and appetite in human studies, and no study has tested the pair.
CJC-1295 + GHRP-6 Blend
Vial blend of CJC-1295 without DAC (Mod GRF 1-29) and GHRP-6, 5 mg each; GHRP-6 raised GH in men and synergized with GHRH, and no study has tested this pair.
CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin Blend
Vial blend of CJC-1295 without DAC (Mod GRF 1-29) and ipamorelin, sold as 10 mg (5 mg each); the two act on separate GH-releasing receptors, and no study has tested the pair.
CJC-1295 no DAC (Mod GRF 1-29)
Tetrasubstituted GHRH(1-29) analog ([D-Ala2, Gln8, Ala15, Leu27]), the peptide part of CJC-1295 without its albumin-binding linker; no published study of this exact peptide, each substitution characterized separately.
Fragment 176-191 + Mod GRF + Ipamorelin
Vial blend of a GH fragment sold as 176-191, Mod GRF 1-29 and ipamorelin (12 mg: 6/3/3 mg); fat-loss claims rest on rodent data, and no study has tested the mix.
Ghrelin
28-amino-acid stomach hormone and the endogenous GHS-R1a ligand; drives hunger, GH release and gastric motility in human infusion studies.
GHRH
Native hypothalamic hormone (somatorelin, GHRH 1-44) that triggers GH release from pituitary somatotrophs; used clinically as a diagnostic GH-stimulation agent.
GHRP-2
Synthetic hexapeptide ghrelin-receptor agonist (pralmorelin, KP-102) that raised GH and food intake 36% in healthy men (n=7); approved in Japan as a single-dose GH-deficiency diagnostic (GHRP Kaken 100).
GHRP-6
First synthetic GH-releasing hexapeptide (Bowers 1984); raised GH dose-dependently and synergized with GHRH in normal men (n=18). Appetite and gut-motility effects are documented in rodents.
Hexarelin
Highly potent synthetic hexapeptide GH secretagogue that also showed direct cardioprotective effects in animal work; desensitizes the GH axis with continuous use.
Ipamorelin
Pentapeptide ghrelin-receptor agonist that released GH without raising ACTH or cortisol in swine (Raun 1998); human data are a PK study (n=40) and one negative phase 2 trial in postoperative ileus (n=114).
MK-677
Ibutamoren, an orally active non-peptide ghrelin receptor agonist that raises GH and IGF-1 in human trials; studied for lean mass, bone density, and sleep quality.
Sermorelin
Synthetic GHRH(1-29) analog (Geref; FDA-approved 1997 for pediatric GH deficiency, withdrawn 2008 for commercial reasons) that restored GH and IGF-1 to young-adult levels in older men (n=10).
Sermorelin + Ipamorelin Blend
Vial blend of sermorelin (GHRH 1-29) and ipamorelin, 5 mg each; sermorelin raised GH and IGF-1 in older men, ipamorelin's only RCT was negative, and no study has tested the pair.
Tesamorelin
Synthetic GHRH(1-44) analog, FDA-approved 2010 (Egrifta) for excess abdominal fat in HIV lipodystrophy; cut visceral fat about 15% vs placebo over 26 weeks in two phase 3 RCTs (n=806).
Tesamorelin + Ipamorelin Blend
Vial blend of tesamorelin and ipamorelin (vendors sell 6/2 mg and 10/3 mg); tesamorelin cut visceral fat in HIV phase 3 trials, and no study has tested the pair.
Hair Growth
AHK
Tripeptide Ala-His-Lys; no published study tests the free peptide. Its copper complex AHK-Cu has ex vivo human hair follicle data and its own catalog entry.
Pal-AHK
Palmitoylated, amidated tripeptide Ala-His-Lys, known only from the EU cosmetic ingredient register (Palmitoyl Tripeptide-52 Amide); no published study of this compound exists.
PTD-DBM
Cell-permeable peptide that blocks the CXXC5-Dishevelled interaction to de-repress Wnt/beta-catenin signaling; studied topically in mice for hair regrowth and wound healing.
Healing & Recovery
ARA-290
Synthetic 11-amino-acid peptide derived from the helix-B region of erythropoietin that activates the innate repair receptor without EPO's blood-cell effects.
B7-33
Single-chain 27-residue mimetic of the human relaxin-2 B chain that biases RXFP1 signaling toward pERK; reduced cardiac and lung fibrosis in rodent models.
BPC-157
Synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from a protective protein found in human gastric juice; accelerates tendon, muscle and gut healing in rodent models.
BPC-157 + TB-500 + GHK-Cu (Glow Blend)
Vial blend of BPC-157, TB-500 (Ac-LKKTETQ) and GHK-Cu, sold mostly as 70 mg (10/10/50 mg); each component has animal or cell data, and no study has tested the three together.
BPC-157 + TB-500 + KPV + GHK-Cu (KLOW Blend)
Vial blend of BPC-157, TB-500 (Ac-LKKTETQ), KPV and GHK-Cu, sold as 80 mg (10/10/10/50 mg); each component has animal or cell data, and no study has tested the four together.
BPC-157 + TB-500 Blend
Vial blend of BPC-157 and TB-500 (Ac-LKKTETQ), two peptides with rodent tissue-repair data; the one rat study of the pair found no added benefit over either alone.
BPC-157 Capsule
Oral capsule form of the gastric pentadecapeptide BPC-157, studied mainly in rodent models for gastrointestinal mucosal repair and systemic tissue healing.
IGF-1 DES
Truncated IGF-1 missing the N-terminal Gly-Pro-Glu; about 10x as potent as IGF-1 on cultured cells, because losing Glu3 removes most IGF-binding-protein binding. Occurs naturally in colostrum, brain and uterus.
IGF-1 LR3
IGF-1 analog with Glu3 replaced by Arg plus a 13-residue N-terminal extension, which binds IGF-binding proteins poorly; in animals it is 2 to 3x as potent as IGF-1 at lowering glucose and is cleared faster, not slower.
KPV
C-terminal tripeptide (Lys-Pro-Val) of alpha-MSH; shown in animal and cell models to suppress NF-kB inflammatory signaling in gut and skin without pigmentation effects.
Larazotide
Synthetic octapeptide (AT-1001) that blocks zonulin-mediated opening of intestinal tight junctions; tested in human celiac disease trials as an adjunct to a gluten-free diet.
MGF (IGF-1 Ec)
The IGF-1Ec splice variant and its synthetic 24-residue E-domain peptide; mRNA rises in loaded human muscle, but the peptide's proliferative effect failed to replicate and no endogenous peptide has been isolated.
PEG-MGF
PEGylated version of mechano growth factor (the IGF-1Ec splice variant), sold as a research chemical; no published pharmacology or human data exist for the PEGylated form.
TB-500
Acetylated heptapeptide Ac-LKKTETQ, the actin-binding region (residues 17 to 23) of thymosin beta-4 and not the full 43-residue protein; it promoted angiogenesis and wound repair in animal and cell models.
TB-500 Fragment (17-23)
Ac-LKKTETQ, the actin-binding heptapeptide of Thymosin Beta-4, studied in animal models for cell migration, angiogenesis, wound healing and tissue repair.
Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment Capsule
Oral capsule formulation of a Thymosin Beta-4 active fragment sold for recovery; short peptides are poorly absorbed from the gut and no human data support this route.
Hormonal
Gonadorelin (GnRH)
Synthetic GnRH decapeptide; pulsatile doses raise LH and FSH, continuous exposure suppresses them. US human products Factrel (1982) and Lutrepulse (1989) are discontinued.
HCG
Urine-derived placental glycoprotein acting on the LH receptor; labeled IM as Pregnyl and Novarel for cryptorchidism, male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and ovulation induction. TRT use is off-label.
Oxytocin
Posterior-pituitary nonapeptide hormone; IV or IM oxytocin (Pitocin and generics) is approved by the FDA for labor induction and postpartum bleeding. Intranasal social-behavior results are mixed.
Protirelin
Synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (pGlu-His-Pro-NH2) given IV to trigger pituitary TSH and prolactin release in function testing; the US products (1976, 1978) are discontinued.
Triptorelin
Synthetic decapeptide GnRH agonist; one dose triggers an LH and FSH surge, continued exposure suppresses them. FDA-labeled depots treat prostate cancer (Trelstar) and precocious puberty (Triptodur).
Immune
LL-37
The 37-residue human cathelicidin peptide, an innate-immune effector with broad antimicrobial activity; studied topically in human chronic wound-healing trials and as an immune modulator.
PNC-27
Synthetic 32-residue peptide joining p53 residues 12-26 to the penetratin cell-penetrating sequence; it lysed cancer cells but spared normal cells in vitro and prolonged survival in leukemic mice.
Thymosin Alpha-1
28-residue thymic peptide (thymalfasin, Zadaxin) approved in over 30 countries for hepatitis B and C and as an immune adjuvant, with no US application on file; acts as an immune response modifier.
Thymulin
Zinc-bound nonapeptide hormone secreted by thymic epithelial cells; drives T-cell differentiation and shows immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in animal studies.
VIP
Vasoactive intestinal peptide, a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide acting at VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors; studied for vasodilation, immune modulation and neuroprotection.
Metabolic
AICAR
Nucleoside AMPK activator (AICA riboside) that mimics exercise signalling, increasing glucose uptake, fat oxidation and running endurance in mice.
MOTS-c
Sixteen-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the 12S rRNA gene; shown in animal models to activate AMPK and act as an exercise mimetic improving insulin sensitivity.
SLU-PP-332
Small-molecule ERR-alpha/beta/gamma pan-agonist studied as an exercise mimetic; shown in mice to switch on exercise-like gene programs, raising fat oxidation and endurance.
Thyrotropin TRH
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), a hypothalamic tripeptide that triggers pituitary TSH and prolactin release; used clinically as a diagnostic challenge of the thyroid axis.
Muscle Growth
ACE-031
Soluble ActRIIB-Fc decoy receptor that binds myostatin and related ligands to increase muscle mass; human trials were halted over bleeding side effects.
Follistatin-315
Mature circulating form of follistatin (315 residues), a glycoprotein that binds activin strongly and myostatin weakly; muscle-mass gains come from transgenic and gene-transfer animals, not injected protein.
Follistatin-344
The 344-residue follistatin precursor, which yields mature circulating follistatin (FS315) after its signal peptide is cut; the human evidence is AAV1-FS344 gene therapy delivering the gene, not an injected protein.
MK-2866
Enobosarm (ostarine), a non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator - not a peptide; human trials at 1-3 mg daily showed gains in lean body mass and physical function.
Neuroprotection
Humanin
24-amino-acid peptide encoded within mitochondrial DNA that protected neurons and other cells from oxidative and apoptotic stress in animal and cell studies.
Sexual Health
PT-141
Bremelanotide, a cyclic melanocortin receptor agonist and close analog of melanotan II; approved by the FDA in 2019 as Vyleesi (1.75 mg SC) for acquired HSDD in premenopausal women.
Skin Health
Alpha-MSH
Endogenous 13-residue POMC peptide that activates MC1, MC3, MC4 and MC5 receptors; injected, it changed human skin colour in a small 1961 study. Other effects are from animal models.
GHK Basic
Copper-free form of the human tripeptide GHK (Gly-His-Lys), studied for collagen synthesis and wound repair, though nearly all published data use the copper complex.
GHK-Cu
Copper complex of the tripeptide Gly-His-Lys, isolated from human plasma in 1973; raises collagen synthesis in cell and rat studies, with mixed results in small topical human trials.
GHK-Cu Capsule
Oral capsule formulation of the copper tripeptide GHK-Cu; oral absorption and systemic efficacy are unestablished, with human evidence limited to topical GHK-Cu.
Melanotan 1
Synthetic alpha-MSH analog (afamelanotide, [Nle4,D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH) and MC1R agonist; a 16 mg implant is approved in the EU (2014) and US (2019) for erythropoietic protoporphyria.
Melanotan II
Synthetic cyclic alpha-MSH(4-10) analog that binds MC1, MC3, MC4 and MC5 receptors; small 1990s human trials found skin darkening and erections. Never approved.
Sleep
DSIP
Endogenous nonapeptide first isolated from rabbit brain; older, small human studies looked at sleep onset, stress-axis normalization and chronic pain.
Orexin A
Hypothalamic neuropeptide (hypocretin-1) acting at OX1R and OX2R to promote wakefulness and arousal; intranasal delivery studied in sleep-deprived primates and narcolepsy models.